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Emu oil

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Emu oil
Emu oil uses and benefits

Emu oil

Emu oil is the oil derived from the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a soft-feathered, brown, flightless bird with long necks and legs and can reach up to 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) in height that is native of Australia. Emus have also been farmed globally primarily for oil production 1. Emu oil is derived from both retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue sites 2. Modern emu oil refinement involves heating and filtration of adipose tissue to remove solids, and centrifugation to further separate contents 3. Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation, to accelerate wound healing and to alleviate pain from various musculoskeletal disorders or arthritis 4, 5. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. Alternative medicine has included the use of ratite oils, particularly emu oil, for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions. Emu oil preparations are also used in some cosmetics, where its texture, high skin absorption, and low comdeogenic properties make it desirable; though more widespread use may be hindered by the higher cost of processing and purification relative to mineral oil 6. Currently, emu oil is readily available for purchase at health food stores and emu oil companies worldwide. Manufactured products include 100% pure emu oil, emu oil capsules, skin and hair care products, massage oil and bath and body products. Applications include the relief of inflammatory arthritic pain in addition to itchiness, redness and irritation associated with skin conditions including dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis.

Emu oil can reduce inflammation in adjuvant induced polyarthritis in rats 7. Snowden and Whitehouse 7 assessed the anti-inflammatory activity of five different preparations of emu oil varying in farm location, source of Emu adipose tissue (retroperitoneal or subcutaneous), rendering protocols and storage on the rat paws which topically received emu oil following polyarthritis induction. They observed different anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds 7. Five Emu Oil preparations (Emu oil #1 commercially available preparation in Western Australia with added anti-oxidant; Emu oil #2 commercially rendered in Western Australia with no additives; Emu oil #3 prepared using intra-abdominal fat from Western Australia birds; Emu oil #4 prepared using subcutaneous fat from Queensland birds; Emu oil #5 commercially rendered from Queensland emu birds) were topically applied to rat paws, following experimentally-induced polyarthritis. Paw diameter, indicative of arthritic inflammation, was significantly reduced following application of four of the Emu Oil preparations (Emu oil #2 to #5). Furthermore, Emu Oil preparations two and three reduced inflammation to an extent comparable with oral ibuprofen (40mg/kg), a readily available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 7. Emu oil has further been demonstrated to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic hamsters compared with hamsters ingesting a saturated fatty acid-enriched diet 8 and emu oil administration reduced plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad” cholesterol) and aortic cholesterol ester concentrations 8. Whitehouse et al 4 indicated that transdermal application of emu oil in 15% (v/v) cineol significantly reduced paw swelling in addition to promoting weight gain in a rat model of arthritis.

Beckerbauer et al. 3 demonstrated that demonstrated that emus fed a diet rich in unsaturated fat (soybean oil) produced oil that was more polyunsaturated compared with emus fed a diet rich in saturated fat (beef tallow). These findings indicate that diet composition can significantly influence the composition of Emu Oil 3 and hence possibly impact on oil efficacy 9.

Although the mechanism of action of emu oil and the nature of the active factors are still unknown, it has been suggested that omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids in emu oil may render inflammatory properties 10, 11. Efforts to reduce several chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease & ulcerative colitis) and rheumatoid arthritis, have been directed towards increasing dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids 12, 13. Omega-3 fatty acids [eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)] reduce inflammation both directly (via downregulation of the inflammatory eicosanoid pathways that produce thromboxane B2, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4) and indirectly (by altering the expression of inflammatory genes through effects on transcription factor activation) 14, 15, whereas omega-9 fatty acids inhibit macrophage migration 11. Yoganathan et al 11 demonstrated that the ability of emu oil to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were more pronounced in an experimental model of inflammation, compared with other animal-derived oils known to contain similar fatty acid profiles and profiles with higher omega-3 content. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory properties of emu oil could not be solely attributed to the fatty acid profile alone 16. It is proposed that the effects of emu oil may be attributed to the synergism of fatty acids and other constituents in emu oil and/or the fatty acid ratio 10. Other minor constituents of emu oil in the 2% non-triglyceride fraction, such as antioxidants including carotenoids and flavones, and skin-permeation enhancing factors, are reported to evoke antioxidant or radical scavenging activities 17, modulate anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative pathways in intestinal epithelial cells 18 and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production and colonic neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of colitis 19. Furthermore, the high ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (UFA: SFA, approximately 1.8) may confer protection against oxidative damage 20. However, Abimosleh et al 10 demonstrated that this ratio was greater for olive oil than for emu oil, despite emu oil exhibiting far greater radical scavenging activity 21. This further supports the theory of the 2% non-triglyceride fraction of emu oil comprising compounds responsible for its antioxidant properties.

Small scale studies suggest that emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and might promote wound healing 4. Topical application of emu oil has been demonstrated to promote wound healing and recovery. In a study by Politis and Dmytrowich 22, emu oil lotion (a mixture of emu fat, oil, vitamin E and botanical oil) was applied to full-thickness skin defects 24 hours after surgery in rodents. After the major post-inflammatory stages of wound healing had transpired (6 days postoperatively), wound contraction and infiltration of fronts of epithelialized and granulation tissue were assessed 22. Emu oil lotion enhanced these parameters twofold, whereas pure emu oil did not exert significant effects 22. Improved wound healing with emu oil lotion was proposed to have occurred through a mechanism of enhanced keratinization 22. Nevertheless, in a study by Lagniel and Torres 23, emu oil improved recovery of damaged skin in children with second- and third-degree burn injuries caused by fire and hot water.

Bennett et al. 17 demonstrated that emu oil has both antioxidant properties in vitro (radical scavenging activities) and a protective role against oxidative damage (assessed by measuring the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation of red blood cells) in a biological membrane model system. Furthermore, emu oil afforded greater protection against oxidative damage than the Ostrich and Rhea Oils 17.

Orally administered emu oil given to rats with mucositis (inflammation of the mucosa that can cause mouth sores, oral mucositis, or esophagitis), a debilitating gastrointestinal tract condition characterized by erosion and deterioration of the mucosa during chemotherapy, decreased ileal inflammation and improved mucosal architecture in the intestines 24. Topical application of emu oil has been shown to reduce inflammation associated with reduced levels of interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and other proinflammatory cytokines in a croton-oil-induced inflammation mouse model 25. Emu oil lotion promoted improved wound healing, with accelerated re-epithelialization and differentiation of epidermal layers, in some rodent model studies 22, 26. It has been suggested that the omega-3 (also called omega-3 fats and n-3 fats) and omega-9 fatty acids in Emu oil may be responsible for its anti-inflammatory action 11.

Lindsay et al 24 proposed a potential mechanism of action of emu oil following oral administration to rats with chemotherapy (5-Fluorouracil; 5-FU)-induced mucositis. In this study 24, emu oil decreased acute small intestinal inflammation assessed by myeloperoxidase activity (found in the intracellular granules of neutrophils) 96 hours after 5-FU-administration. Emu oil also improved mucosal architecture in the small intestine by lengthening crypts to a greater extent than the 5-FU control, during early recovery from chemotherapy-induced mucositis in rats 24. These results highlighted the possibility of a more rapid rate of recovery following emu oil administration during the long-term recovery phase of mucositis, which has not yet been tested. In a preliminary study in rats, Abimosleh et al 27 indicated that orally-administered emu oil improved selected parameters associated with the manifestation of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the large bowel. Following emu oil treatment in colitic rats, this study revealed that proximal and distal colonic crypts were significantly lengthened to a greater extent than in colitic controls 27. Furthermore, histological damage severity observed in the proximal and distal colon of emu oil-treated rats was significantly decreased, indicating a lesser degree of tissue damage 27. Importantly, this could represent a new mechanism of action for emu oil, suggesting therapeutic promise in the stimulation of the intestinal repair process. Moreover, no significant effects were evident with the 13C-sucrose breath test in healthy rats receiving orally-administered emu oil, confirming the maintenance of small intestinal functional health by emu oil and supporting its safety for oral administration 27. Further scientific validation of emu oil for its potential to treat gastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammatory processes should be explored 10. Once the mechanism of emu oil action has been confirmed in pre-clinical settings of bowel, joint or systemic inflammation, early-phase clinical trials for these disorders would be indicated. Future studies of emu oil in the context of inflammatory bowel disease could include targeted microencapsulation, or enema delivery methods, in an attempt to increase the bioavailability of active emu oil constituents at the specific site of inflammation.

Table 1. Fatty acid composition of emu oil (Emu Tracks, Marleston, South Australia, Australia; batch #09171018) analyzed by gas chromatography.

AnalyteCommon nameTotal lipids (%)
Total saturates44
 14:00Myristic acid5
 16:00Palmitic acid22.7
 18:00Stearic acid12.7
 20:00Arachidonic acid0.2
Total monounsaturated44.7
 16:1n-7 Omega 7Palmitoleic acid6.3
 18:1n-9 Omega 9Oleic acid36.4
 18:1n-7 Omega 7Vaccenic acid3
 20:1n-9 Omega 9Gondoic acid0.4
Total Omega 936.6
Total Omega 78.1
Total Omega 32.9
 18:3n-3Alpha-linolenic acid0.9
Total Omega 67.6
 18:2n-6Linoleic acid8
 20:2n-6Eicosadienoic acid0.8
 20:4n-6Arachidonic acid0.8

Footnotes: Bold characters signify the total lipids for that category of Analytes. Non-bold characters listed below the bold characters represent the breakdown of the lipids within that Analyte category.

[Source 28 ]

Figure 1. Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Emu

Emu oil uses and benefits

Emu oil is derived from both retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue sites 2. The refined emu oil comprises approximately 98% fatty acids: 49% oleic acid (omega-9 fatty acid), 24% palmitic acid, 4% palmitoleic acid (omega-7 fatty acid), 1% alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3 fatty acid), with lower levels of other fatty acids 29, 30, 27. Also, different amounts of compositions, such as carotenoids, flavons, polyfenols, and tocoferols, are present in the nontriglyceride part of emu oil, which can result in favorable antioxidant effects 29, 30. Differences in fatty acid composition of emu oil is due to type of adipose tissue, dietary fat and gender have been reported 31. The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in the total triglyceride fraction varies from almost zero in many farmed birds, up to 20% in some feral birds, reflecting the influence of the diet on oil composition 32.

Emu oil has potent anti-inflammatory actions and thus can be used topically and orally to treat conditions such as mucositis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, and auricular inflammation, and to prevent chemotherapy-induced bone loss 33. Emu oil also has a hypocholesterolemic effect, transdermal penetration-enhancing activity, cosmetic and insect repellent activity, and so on. However, its mechanism(s) of actions are unclear and have not been studied to date. Furthermore, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that a pure emu oil product marketed to treat or cure a wide range of diseases was an unapproved drug 34. Emu oil marketer had never submitted to FDA data to support the product’s safe and effective use 35, 35, 36.

Previous studies suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-9, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids, which are present in emu oil, may act on cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and lipoxin pathways to bring about its anti-inflammatory and other beneficial actions 9. Omega-3 fatty acids have demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential by downregulating pro-inflammatory eicosanoid pathways and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in a rodent model of colitis 37. Topically applied emu oil has exhibited greater anti-inflammatory and reparative properties than other animal-derived oils with lower omega-6 and higher omega-3 fatty acid content as well as exhibiting a greater antioxidant effect than other ratite oils with similar fatty acid profiles 11. Dietary fish oil has previously been investigated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) attributed to its high omega-3 content; however, it has been ineffective at long-term maintenance of disease remission 38.

Emu oil has been recently demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory activity associated with decreased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines in the tissue 39, 40, 41. Topical application of Emu oil has been shown to promote wound healing, and improve recovery of damaged skin 22, 42. The findings of this animal study 43 indicated that although emu oil delays the healing process at the inflammatory stages on burn wounds (superficial 2nd-degree burns in the skin of Balb/c mice), it has a positive effect on wound healing especially keratinization of epidermis, and it also increases the number of hair follicles in the margins of the wound. However, further studies are required to fully understand the molecular mechanism of repairing of Emu oil.

Lagniel, Politis and Dmytrowich 7, 40, 22, 22 demonstrated that anti-inflammatory properties of transdermal application of emu oil have been reported to be as effective as orally administered Ibuprofen. In addition, Emu oil contains variable levels of several compounds with antioxidant properties 39.

An emu oil-based cream applied to the nipples and areolas of breastfeeding mothers after each nursing appeared to improve skin hydration. Whether this led to reduced nipple cracking or any effects on nursing infants was not studied 44.

Recently, many studies have been designed to investigate effects of emu oil with different concentrations and preparations on different dermatologic symptoms, such as ditching, erythema (redness), and irritation associated with skin diseases such as dermatitis, eczema, and psoriasis 4. In this study, emu oil has been shown to be potentially useful agent that significantly improves itching, erythema (redness) and scales associated with seborrheic dermatitis; however, it was less effective than hydrocortisone and clotrimazole (topical steroids or topical corticosteroids) which are routinely prescribed to treat seborrheic dermatitis 41. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of emu oil is possibly associated with decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interlukin-1alpha (IL-1α) 45, 26.

In a double blind clinical study by Zemtov et al. 46, emu oil was found to be more cosmetically acceptable with better skin penetration or permeability compared to mineral oil. Emu oil ability to penetrate easily through the stratum corneum barrier might be explained by the high concentration of non-polar monounsaturated fatty acids in emu oil. Furthermore, it appears that emu oil has better moisturizing properties and superior texture compared to mineral oil. However, 18% of the participants in the study by Zemtov et al. 46 found emu oil to cause pimples, that does not support the claim that emu oil is noncomedogenic. Rather, it shows emu oil to have a low incidence of comedogenicity 47.

In recent years rigorous studies of emu oil been conducted in pre-clinical models of gut disease. Oral administration of emu oil has effectively attenuated disease parameters in preclinical models of gastrointestinal disease, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy 48, ulcerative colitis 49, 27, colitis-associated colorectal cancer 50, 51, 52 and chemotherapy-induced mucositis 24, 53, 54, 55. Although emu oil has demonstrated efficacy in rodent models of colitis, it has yet to be investigated in human Crohn’s disease.

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