Renal colic Renal colic is a type of pain commonly caused by kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) or accumulation of crystals. These kidney stones cause interference with

Cystatin C Cystatin C is a low-molecular-weight protein which functions as a protease inhibitor that is produced throughout the body by all cells that contain a

Costovertebral angle Costovertebral angle is the acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and the vertebral column. The

Normal anion gap acidosis Normal anion gap acidosis also called hyperchloremic acidosis and less precisely non-anion gap acidosis, is an acidosis (blood pH less than

Osmolar gap Osmolar gap is the difference between the osmolality (mOsm/kg) which is a measure of the number of dissolved particles in a fluid and the

Nephrotoxicity Nephrotoxicity is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on the kidney. Risk factors of drug-induced nephrotoxicity include drug overdose,

Sertoli cell only syndrome Sertoli cell-only syndrome is a cause of male infertility. In sertoli cell only syndrome, only Sertoli cells (cells that nurture the

Achondrogenesis Achondrogenesis also called achondrogenesis syndrome, is a group of severe disorders that are present from birth and affect the development of cartilage and bone

Myeloma protein Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. Plasma cells develop from one type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes and are

Toxic granulation Toxic granulation refers to changes in granulocyte cells seen on examination of the peripheral blood film of patients with inflammatory conditions ((Granularity Index