close
Health topics

Bacopa monnieri

Health topics by Health Jade Team on 2.38K views
bacopa monnieri
Contents hide
What is Bacopa monnieri
Bacopa monnieri health benefits
Bacopa monnieri and dementia
Bacopa monnieri dosage
Bacopa monnieri side effects
Drug interactions

What is Bacopa monnieri

Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) also known as Bacopa monniera, Bacopa, Herpestis monniera, water hyssop or “Brahmi”, is a perennial creeping herb  that thrives in damp soils and marshes of southern India and Australia, that has been used for centuries in Indian Ayurveda traditional medicine as a nootropic medicine or a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory 1. Practitioners of Ayurveda claim varying benefits from Bacopa monnieri, such as brain tonic for memory enhancing, learning, and concentration 2, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and sedative 1 and to provide relief to patients with anxiety or epileptic disorders 3. The Bacopa monnieri plant has also been used in India and Pakistan as a cardiac tonic, digestive aid, and to improve respiratory function in cases of bronchoconstriction 4. Recent research has focused primarily on Bacopa monnieri’s cognitive-enhancing effects, specifically memory, learning, and concentration, and studies results support the traditional Ayurvedic claims that Bacopa monnieri may slightly improve scores on cognitive tests in some people. However, no scientific studies in humans have confirmed that these biological benefits occur or that they can protect from cognitive decline or dementia. Bacopa monnieri has not been evaluated on its own as a treatment for dementia in randomized controlled trials. There are hints of potential benefit in other types of research that should be explored with more research. Bacopa monnieri extract is used as a dietary supplement (KeenMind or CDRI08, Soho Flordis International) and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 5. Although Bacopa monnieri is widely available and Bacopa monnieri extract is used as herbal medicine, the mechanisms of action of Bacopa monnieri have yet to be delineated.

The main constituents of Bacopa monnieri are dammarane type of triterpenoid saponins called bacosides, with jujubogenin and pseudojujubogenin as the aglycones including Bacosides A1-A3, Bacopasaponins A-G and Bacopasides I-V 6. The main alkaloids include brahmine, nicotine, and herpestine, along with D-mannitol, apigenin, hersaponin, monnierasides I–III, cucurbitacins, and plantainoside B. Bacosides are a family of 12 acknowledged analogs. Novel saponins called bacopasides I–XII have been identified recently. The active compounds attributed to increased cognitive functioning in Bacopa monnieri are saponins – bacoside A and bacoside B (see Table 1 and Figure 1 below) 7. Bacoside-A along with bacopaside-I constituted more than 96% w/w of the total saponins of Bacopa monnieri 8. Bacoside A, which is a blend of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopasaponin C, and a jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin C, is the most studied compound of Bacopa monnieri 9. Bacopa monnieri’s pharmacological effects can also be attributed to a number of alkaloids and sterols 7.

Experimental animal studies have investigated an alcoholic extract of Bacopa monnieri in albino rats showing significant improvements in the areas of learning, memory and memory retention 10. Experimental animal studies have examined interventions with Bacopa monnieri extract containing only these bacosides, and similar significant improvements in the areas of memory and learning were found 11. The mechanisms of action on the central nervous system include the modulation of cholinergic densities 12 and acetylcholine levels 13, beta-amyloid scavenging properties 14, as well as anxiolytic processes 15. The reputed effects of Bacopa monnieri have been studied in healthy adult populations with mostly positive results in terms of cognition 16. Current research is examining the efficacy of Bacopa monnieri on age-related cognitive decline in the elderly and as a treatment for some types of dementia 17. Conversely, little research has focused on the efficacy of Bacopa monnieri in younger cohorts, and even fewer in child and adolescent clinical or sub-clinical populations. Most research in younger clinical populations has emerged from Indian research groups with data derived from single Bacopa monnieri extract variations and combination formula preparations 18. Single Bacopa monnieri extract studies have demonstrated significant efficacy on child and adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms 19.

The first randomized clinical trial on cognition in healthy humans for Bacopa monniera (CDRI 08) was conducted by Stough et al 20. CDRI 08 is a high quality extract of Bacopa monnieri standardized to contain not less than 55% bacosides (based on UV spectrophotometry) 7. In this study 46 participants consumed either 320 mg of CDRI 08 or placebo for 90 days. Outcome measures included a battery of pen and pencil neuropsychological measures, mood and measures of anxiety and conputerised tasks of information processing. The results suggested that CDRI 08 supplementation improved information processing speed, verbal learning and decreased anxiety compared to placebo. These results were consistent with anecdotal and historical usage of the Bacopa monniera herb. Some of these results of this study was replicated by Roodenrys et al 21 (who used a different cognitive battery) and then again using different cognitive measures (Cognitive Drug Research battery) in a larger sample 22. Other extracts of Bacopa monnieri have also been studied and used in human clinical trials and these are described in a 2012 systematic review 23. In this review the authors argue that a significant improvement in cognition was observed in all randomized clinical trials which use a 3 month chronic duration of administration. As each study used a different battery of cognitive measures it is not possible to definitely conclude which cognitive measures are best improved by Bacopa monnieri extract.

Table 1. Active constituents of Bacopa monnieri

Chemical groupsContents
SaponinsBacoside A, bacoside B, bacopasaponins, D-mannitol, acid A, monnierin
FlavonoidsApigenin, luteonin
AlkaloidsBrahmine, herpestine, hydrocotyline
GlycosidesAsiaticoside, thanakunicide
PhytochemicalsBetulinic acid, betulic acid, wogonin, oroxindin, stigmastarol, β-sitosterol
SapogeninJujubacogenin, pseudojujubacogenin
Other constituentsBrahmic acid, brahamoside, brahminoside, isobrahmic acid
[Source 24 ]

Figure 1. Bacopa monnieri active compounds

Bacopa monnieri active compounds

Footnote: Bacoside A (Levorotatory); Bacoside B (Dextrorotatory)

[Source 11 ]

Bacopa monnieri health benefits

Bacopa monnieri has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries and preclinical research studies have identified biological mechanisms by which it might protect the brain from aging and perhaps Alzheimer’s disease 25. However, no scientific studies in humans have confirmed that these biological benefits occur or that they can protect from cognitive decline or dementia.

Practitioners of Ayurveda claim varying benefits from Bacopa monnieri, including improved cognitive function. Experimental studies have shown that Bacopa monnieri possesses anti-dementia 26, cognitive enhancing 27, antidepressant 28, anti-anxiety 29, antiepileptic 30, antiparkinson 31, anti-amnesic 32, antibacterial 33, antidiabetic 34, anti-inflammatory 35, anti-arthritis 36, antihypertensive 37, anticancer 38, anti-asthmatic 39, spasmolytic 40, anti-gastric ulcer 41, analgesic 42, anti-aging 43, antifungal 44, antioxidant 45, adaptogenic 46, anti-addictive 47, lessened narcotics-induced toxicity 48, neuroprotective 49, antiemetic 50, cardioprotective 51, hepatoprotective 52 and nephroprotective 53 properties. Clinical trials have shown that Bacopa monnieri has both acute 54 and chronic 55 cognitive enhancing effects and improves memory performance in older persons 56 and patients with Alzheimer’s disease 57.

Many small clinical trials have looked at Bacopa monnieri effects on cognition but no human studies— either clinical trials or observational studies—have looked at protection from cognitive decline. Small clinical trials have confirmed that Bacopa monnieri can improve some cognitive test scores 58, 59. However, the effects are modest and may not yield an improvement noticed by the individual in daily life. A clinical trial in Australia is currently testing whether 300 mg per day of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI08 300 mg/day) for 12 months might benefit cognition, mood, cardiovascular health, safety, and biochemical measures of inflammation, oxidative stress, and telomere length in healthy elderly people 60.

Bacopa monnieri and dementia

Bacopa monnieri has not been evaluated on its own as a treatment for dementia in randomized controlled trials. There are hints of potential benefit in other types of research that should be explored with more research.

Animal studies have demonstrated Bacopa monnieri increases signaling molecules involved in synapse formation and maintenance 61, including increases in protein-kinase activity 62, neurotrophins 63, and phosphorylated CREB 64. These molecules are integral to synaptic plasticity, including the formation of new dendritic spines 65, increasing the concentration of post-synaptic receptors 66 and regulation of synapse proliferation and apoptosis through gene transcription 67. Human studies have observed Bacopa monnieri-related cognitive improvements 68, including improved immediate 69 and delayed memory recall 70, processing speed 71, and sustained attention 72. These effects were observed after similar periods of time including 12 weeks 70, 90 days 72, and 3 months 73, suggesting Bacopa monnieri-specific improvements to cognitive outcomes might be observed after a relatively short period of supplementation. In addition, three of these studies 71, 72, 73 and two acute studies 74, 75 have observed effects after using a standardized form of Bacopa monnieri called CDRI-08, which was first developed by the Central Drug Research Institute in India and is standardized to contain 55 ± 5% bacoside content 76. Bacosides have been suggested to be the main bioactive component of Bacopa monnieri 77 and have shown to enhance the activity of enzymes implicated in downstream synaptogenic cellular processes 78.

Bacopa monnieri dosage

In clinical trials on cognitive function, Bacopa monnieri extract is often administered at 300 mg/day, though doses have ranged from 250 to 600 mg/day 58. Some Bacopa monnieri supplements are standardized to contain a certain percentage of bacosides, the components of Bacopa monnieri that are believed to be biologically active 79. Without this standardization, the doses of bacosides might change unexpectedly in differently lots of supplements sold by the same company. However, no specific dose or formulation of bacosides has been shown to be particularly effective in clinical trials 58.

Traditional daily doses of Bacopa monnieri are 5-10 g of non-standardized powder, 8-16 mL of infusion, and 30 mL daily of syrup (Brahmi). Dosages of a 1:2 fluid extract are 5-12 mL per day foradults and 2.5-6 mL per day for children ages 6-12. For Bacopa monnieri extracts standardized to 20 percent Bacosides A and B the dosage is 200-400 mg daily in divided doses for adults and for children, 100-200 mg daily in divided doses 80.

Bacopa monnieri side effects

Some sources of Bacopa monnieri may be unsafe. Depending on where the plant is grown, its extracts could contain mercury, lead, and other heavy metals 81. Consider choosing supplements whose content has been verified by a third party like the United States Pharmacopeia.

The most commonly encountered side effects are nausea, gastrointestinal upset, intestinal hypermotility which can be explained on the basis of cholinergic action of Bacopa monnieri extract 17. Singh and Dhawan 82 in their double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial administered single dose (20–300 mg) and multiple doses (100 and 200 mg) to 31 healthy male volunteers for 4 weeks in which they found out no significant side effects or serious adverse drug reaction in clinical, hematological or biochemical parameter. The Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of Bacopa monnieri extracts administered orally to rats was 5 g/kg for aqueous extracts and 17 g/kg of the alcohol extract. LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death of 50% (one half) of a group of test animals. The LD50 is one way to measure the short-term poisoning potential (acute toxicity) of a material. Neither extract resulted in gross behavioral changes at these concentrations 83.

In a study conducted on male rats by Allan et al. 84, it was found that at the dose of 500 mg/kg the appetite of rats decreased over time. After 90 days of treatment the rats demonstrated no change in weight of vital organs and all clinical, hematological, neurological parameters were within normal range; however, there was moderate increase in aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, globulin, urea, nitrogen, and sodium but all of them were in their normal range for controls. In the same study, they also found out that the median lethal dose for rats is 2,500 mg/kg which is a fairly high amount. Singh and Singh 85 studied effect of Bacopa monnieri extract administration in the dose of 250 mg/kg/day for 28 and 56 days in rats on fertility and male testes morphology, which demonstrated a decrease in sperm motility, viability, and sperm count. It also showed minute histological changes intraepithelial vacuolation, loosening of germinal epithelium, exfoliation of germ cells and occasionally giant cell formation. Height of germinal epithelium and diameter of seminiferous tubules was also decreased in Brahmi treated rats. Although libido remained unaffected in Bacopa monnieri treated rats, fertility was markedly reduced. Bacopa monnieri extract had no effect on dopamine and serotonin balance in rat brain, so there was no constitutional change as it is seen with other antidepressants 86.

Drug interactions

Bacopa monnieri has been noted in animal models to decrease the toxicity of morphine 87 and phenytoin. 88. Bacopa monnieri has also been shown, albeit inconsistently, to have a slight sedative effect, so caution is advised in combination with other known sedatives. Also, since Bacopa monnieri appears to stimulate thyroxine (T4, a form of thyroid hormone) activity in animals at high doses, it is theorized it may potentiate the activity of thyroid-stimulating drugs or inhibit the effect of thyroid-suppressant drugs. A study in mice demonstrated high doses (200 mg/kg) of Bacopa monnieri extract increased the thyroid hormone, T4, by 41 percent when given orally 89. Triiodothyronine (T3, a form of thyroid hormone) was not stimulated, suggesting Bacopa monnieri extract may directly stimulate synthesis and/or release of T4 at the glandular level, while not affecting conversion of T4 to T3. While this study indicates Bacopa monnieri extract does have a stimulatory effect on thyroid function, the doses were very high and the typical 200-400 mg daily dose in humans may not have the same effect 89.

References
  1. Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. Phytomedicine. 2005 Apr;12(4):305-17. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008
  2. Mukherjee DG, Dey CD. Clinical trial on Brahmi.I. J Exper Med Sci1966;10:5-11.
  3. Chopra RN. Indigenous Drugs of India. 2nd ed.Calcutta, India: U.N. Dhur and Sons; 1958:341.
  4. Nadkarni KM. The Indian Materia Medica.Columbia, MO: South Asia Books; 1988:624-625.
  5. Neuroprotective and Neurorescue Mode of Action of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson’s Disease: An In Silico and In Vivo Study. Front. Pharmacol., 16 March 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2021.616413
  6. Murthy PBS, Raju VR, Ramakrisana T, Chakravarthy MS, Kumar KV, Kannababu S, et al. Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006;54(6):907–911. doi: 10.1248/cpb.54.907
  7. A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on Hyperactivity and Inattention in Male Children and Adolescents: BACHI Study Protocol (ANZCTRN12612000827831). Nutrients 2015, 7(12), 9931-9945; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7125507
  8. Deepak M, Amit A. ‘Bacoside B’ – the need remains for establishing identity. Fitoterapia. 2013;87(2013):7–10. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.011
  9. Aguiar, S., and Borowski, T. (2013). Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res. 16 (4), 313–326. doi:10.1089/rej.2013.1431
  10. Singh, H.K.; Dhawan, B.N. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the ayurvedic nootropic bacopa monniera Linn.(Brahmi). Indian J. Pharmacol. 1997, 29, S359–S365.
  11. Singh, H.K.; Rastogi, R.P.; Srimal, R.C.; Dhawan, B.N. Effect of bacosides a and b on avoidance responses in rats. Phytother. Res. 1988, 2, 70–75.
  12. Uabundit, N.; Wattanathorn, J.; Mucimapura, S.; Ingkaninan, K. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 127, 26–31.
  13. Bhattacharya, S.K.; Kumar, A.; Ghosal, S. Effect of bacopa monniera on animal models of alzheimer’s disease and perturbed central cholinergic markers of cognition in rats. Res. Commun. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999, 4, 1–12.
  14. Holcomb, L.A.; Dhanasekaran, M.; Hitt, A.R. Bacopa monniera extract reduces amyloid levels in PSAPP mice. J. Alzheimer’s Disease 2006, 9, 243–251.
  15. Kapoor, R.; Srivastava, S.; Kakkar, P. Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2009, 27, 62–69.
  16. Pase, M.P.; Kean, J.; Sarris, J.; Neale, C.; Scholey, A.B.; Stough, C. The cognitive-enhancing effects of bacopa monnieri: A systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2012, 18, 647–652.
  17. Morgan A, Stevens J. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2010 Jul;16(7):753-9. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0342
  18. Kalra, V.; Zamir, H.; Pandey, R.M.; Kulkarni, K.S. A randomized double blind placebo-controlled drug trial with mentat in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci. Today 2002, 6, 223–227.
  19. Jauhari, N.; Singh, Y.D.; Kushwaha, K.P.; Rastogi, C.K.; Asthana, O.P.; Srivastava, J.S.; Rathi, A.K. Clinical evaluation of bacopa monniera extract on behavioural and cognitive functions in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI): Varanasi, India, 2001; in press.
  20. Stough, C., Lloyd, J., Clarke, J., Downey, L. A., Hutchison, C. W., Rodgers, T., et al. (2001). The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology 156, 481–484. doi: 10.1007/s002130100815
  21. Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzoni S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2002; 27: 279–81.
  22. Stough, C., Downey, L. A., and Lloyd, J. (2008). Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Phytother. Res. 22, 1629–1634. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2537
  23. Pase, M., Kean, J., Sarris, J., Neale, C., Scholey, A., and Stough, C. (2012). The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 18, 647–652. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0367
  24. Chaudhari, K. S., Tiwari, N. R., Tiwari, R. R., & Sharma, R. S. (2017). Neurocognitive Effect of Nootropic Drug Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) in Alzheimer’s Disease. Annals of neurosciences, 24(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475900
  25. Williams R, Münch G, Gyengesi E, Bennett L. Bacopa monnieri (L.) exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cells of the innate immune system in vitro. Food Funct. 2014 Mar;5(3):517-20. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60467e
  26. Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh HK. A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmacol Biochem Be. 2002;73(4):893–900. doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(02)00940-1
  27. Kamkaew N, Norman Scholfield C, Ingkaninan K, Taepavarapruk N, Chootip K. Bacopa monnieri Increases cerebral blood flow in rat independent of blood pressure. Phytother Res. 2012;27(1):135–138. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4685
  28. Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel R, Bhattacharya S. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(3):207–211. doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00116
  29. Bhattacharya S, Ghosal S. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 1998;5(2):77–82. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80001-9
  30. Mathew J, Gangadharan G, Kuruvilla KP, Paulose C. Behavioral deficit and decreased GABA receptor functional regulation in the hippocampus of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri. Neurochem Res. 2011;36(1):7–16. doi: 10.1007/s11064-010-0253-
  31. Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera protect against MPP+−and paraquat induced toxicity by modulating mitochondrial activities, proteasomal functions, and redox pathways. Toxicol Sci. 2012;125(1):219–232. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr255
  32. Prabhakar S, Saraf MK, Banik A, Anand A. Bacopa monniera selectively attenuates suppressed superoxide dismutase activity in diazepam induced amnesic mice. Ann Neurosci. 2011;18(1):8–13. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.1118104
  33. Khan AV, Ahmed QU, Shukla I, Khan AA. Antibacterial efficacy of Bacopa monnieri leaf extracts against pathogenic bacteria. Asian Biomed. 2011;4(4):651–655.
  34. Ghosh T, Maity TK, Sengupta P, Dash DK, Bose A. Antidiabetic and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn. Aerial parts: a possible mechanism of action. Iran J Pharm Res. 2010;7(1):61–68.
  35. Viji V, Helen A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators: role of Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19(5):283–291. doi: 10.1007/s10787-010-0046-4
  36. Viji V, Kavitha S, Helen A. Bacopa monniera (L.) wettst inhibits type ii collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Phytother Res. 2010;24(9):1377–1383. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3135
  37. Kamkaew N, Scholfield CN, Ingkaninan K, Maneesai P, Parkington HC, Tare M, et al. Bacopa monnieri And its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetised rats and vasodilator in various artery types. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:790–795. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.045
  38. Janani P, Sivakumari K, Geetha A, Yuvaraj S, Parthasarathy C. Bacoside a downregulates matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct. 2010;28(2):164–169. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1638
  39. Dar A, Channa S. Relaxant effect of ethanol extract of Bacopa monniera on trachea, pulmonary artery and aorta from rabbit and guinea pig. Phytother Res. 1997;11(4):323–325. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199706)11:4<323::AID-PTR93>3.0.CO;2-H
  40. Dar A, Channa S. Calcium antagonistic activity of Bacopa monniera on vascular and intestinal smooth muscles of rabbit and guinea-pig. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;66(2):167–174. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00240-2
  41. Goel R, Sairam K, Dora Babu M, Tavares I, Raman A. In vitro evaluation of Bacopa monniera on anti-helicobacter pylori activity and accumulation of prostaglandins. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6):523–527. doi: 10.1078/094471103322331494
  42. Abbas M, Subhan F, Mohani N, Rauf K, Ali G, Khan M. The involvement of opioidergic mechanisms in the activity of Bacopa monnieri extract and its toxicological studies. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(8):1120–1124.
  43. Kalamade V, Pillai M, Kalamade I. Effect of Bacopa monniera (Linn.) on lipid peroxidation and lipofuscinogenesis in prostate gland of D-galactose induced aging mice, Mus musculus. Indian J Exp Biol. 2008;46(7):547–549.
  44. Chaudhuri P, Srivastava R, Kumar S. Phytotoxic and antimicrobial constituents of Bacopa monnieri and Holmskioldia sanguinea. Phytother Res. 2004;18(2):114–117. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1278
  45. Shinomol GK, Bharath MMS. Pretreatment with Bacopa monnieri extract offsets 3-nitropropionic acid induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunctions in the striatum of prepubertal mouse brain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;90(5):595–606. doi: 10.1139/y2012-030
  46. Sheikh N, Ahmad A, Siripurapu KB, Kuchibhotla VK, Singh S, Palit G. Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;111(3):671–676. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.025
  47. Rauf K, Subhan F, Sewell RDE. A bacoside containing Bacopa monnieri extract reduces both morphine hyperactivity plus the elevated striatal dopamine and serotonin turnover. Phytother Res. 2011;26(5):758–763. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3631
  48. Shahid M, Subhan F, Ullah I, Ali G, Alam J, Shah R. Beneficial effects of Bacopa monnieri extract on opioid induced toxicity. Heliyon. 2016;2(2) doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00068
  49. Hosamani R. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology. 2009;30(6):977–985. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2009.08.012
  50. Alam J, Subhan F, Ullah I, Shahid M, Ali G, Sewell RD. Synthetic and natural antioxidants attenuate cisplatin-induced vomiting. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017;18(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40360-016-0110-9
  51. Mohanty IR, Maheshwari U, Joseph D, Deshmukh Y. Bacopa monniera protects rat heart against ischaemia–reperfusion injury: role of key apoptotic regulatory proteins and enzymes. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;62(9):1175–1184. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01155.x
  52. Shahid M, Subhan F. Protective effect of Bacopa monniera methanol extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Pharmacologyonline. 2014;2(2):18–28.
  53. Sumathi T, Devaraj S. Effect of Bacopa monniera on liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(10):897–903. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.005
  54. Benson S, Downey LA, Stough C, Wetherell M, Zangara A, Scholey A. An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on multitasking stress reactivity and mood. Phytother Res. 2014;28(4):551–559. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5029
  55. Raghav S, Singh H, Dalal P, Srivastava J, Asthana O. Randomized controlled trial of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in age-associated memory impairment. Indian J Psychiatry. 2006;48(4):238–242. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.31555
  56. Morgan A, Stevens J. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(7):753–759. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0342
  57. Goswami S, Saoji A, Kumar N, Thawani V, Tiwari M, Thawani M. Effect of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Int J Collaborat Res Int Med Public Health. 2011;3:285–293.
  58. Kongkeaw C, Dilokthornsakul P, Thanarangsarit P, Limpeanchob N, Norman Scholfield C. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(1):528-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008
  59. Pase MP, Kean J, Sarris J, Neale C, Scholey AB, Stough C. The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2012 Jul;18(7):647-52. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0367
  60. Stough, C. K., Pase, M. P., Cropley, V., Myers, S., Nolidin, K., King, R., Camfield, D., Wesnes, K., Pipingas, A., Croft, K., Chang, D., & Scholey, A. B. (2012). A randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of Pycnogenol and Bacopa CDRI08 herbal medicines on cognitive, cardiovascular, and biochemical functioning in cognitively healthy elderly people: the Australian Research Council Longevity Intervention (ARCLI) study protocol (ANZCTR12611000487910). Nutrition journal, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-11-11
  61. Aguiar, S., and Borowski, T. (2013). Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res. 16, 313–326. doi: 10.1089/rej.2013.1431
  62. Prisila, C. D., Singh, H. K., Preethi, J., and Emmanuvel Rajan, K. (2012). Standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08) attenuates contextual associative learning deficits in the aging rat’s brain induced by D-galactose. J. Neurosci. Res. 90, 2053–2064. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23080
  63. Kwon, H. J., Jung, H. Y., Hahn, K. R., Kim, W., Kim, J. W., and Yoo, D. Y. (2018). Bacopa monnieri extract improves novel object recognition, cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein in the dentate gyrus. Lab. Anim. Res. 34, 239–247. doi: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.239
  64. Preethi, J., Singh, H. K., Charles, P. D., and Emmanuvel Rajan, K. (2012). Participation of microRNA 124-CREB pathway: a parallel memory enhancing mechanism of standardised extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08). Neurochem. Res. 37, 2167–2177. doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0840-z
  65. Jourdain, P., Fukunaga, K., and Muller, D. (2003). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to activity-dependent filopodia growth and spine formation. J. Neurosci. 23, 10645–10649. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-33-10645.2003
  66. Opazo, P., Labrecque, S., Tigaret, C. M., Frouin, A., Wiseman, P. W., and De Koninck, P. (2010). CaMKII triggers the diffusional trapping of surface AMPARs through phosphorylation of stargazin. Neuron 67, 239–252. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.007
  67. Wiegert, J. S., and Bading, H. (2011). Activity-dependent calcium signaling and ERK-MAP kinases in neurons: a link to structural plasticity of the nucleus and gene transcription regulation. Cell Calcium 49, 296–305. doi: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.11.009
  68. Pase, M. P., Kean, J., Sarris, J., Neale, C., Scholey, A. B., and Stough, C. (2012). The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 18, 647–652. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0367
  69. Kumar, N., Abichandani, L. G., Thawani, V., Gharpure, K. J., Naidu, M. U. R., and Venkat Ramana, G. (2016). Efficacy of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize§) on cognitive functions of medical students: a six-week, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016:4103423
  70. Morgan, A., and Stevens, J. (2010). Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J. Alternat. Complement. Med. 16, 753–759. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0342
  71. Stough, C., Lloyd, J., Clarke, J., Downey, L. A., Hutchison, C. W., and Rodgers, T. (2001). The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology 156, 481–484. doi: 10.1007/s002130100815
  72. Stough, C., Downey, L. A., Lloyd, J., Silber, B., Redman, S., and Hutchison, C. (2008). Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90 day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Phyther. Res. 22, 1629–1634. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2537
  73. Roodenrys, S., Booth, D., Bulzomi, S., Phipps, A., Micallef, C., and Smoker, J. (2002). Chronic effects of brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 279–281. doi: 10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00419-5
  74. Downey, L. A., Kean, J., Nemeh, F., Lau, A., Poll, A., and Gregory, R. (2013). An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of a special extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on sustained cognitive performance. Phyther. Res. 27, 1407–1413. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4864
  75. Benson, S., Downey, L. A., Stough, C., Wetherell, M., Zangara, A., and Scholey, A. (2014). An acute, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 320 mg and 640 mg doses of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on multitasking stress reactivity and mood. Phyther. Res. 28, 551–559. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5029
  76. Stough, C., Scholey, A., Cropley, V., Wesnes, K., Zangara, A., and Pase, M. (2013). Examining the cognitive effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera (CDRI 08: KeenMind): a review of ten years of research at Swinburne University. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 16, 254–258. doi: 10.18433/j35g6m
  77. Majumdar, S., Basu, A., Paul, P., Halder, M., and Jha, S. (2013). “Bacosides and neuroprotection,” in Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, eds K. G. Ramawat and J.-M. Mérillon (Belin: Springer-Verlag), 3639–3660. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_157
  78. Liu, X., Yue, R., Zhang, J. S., Han, L., Wang, R., and Zhang, W. (2013). Neuroprotective effects of bacopaside i in ischemic brain injury. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 31, 109–123. doi: 10.3233/rnn-120228
  79. Deepak M, Amit A. ‘Bacoside B’–the need remains for establishing identity. Fitoterapia. 2013 Jun;87:7-10. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.03.011
  80. Bacopa monnieri. Alternative Medicine Review, Volume 9, Number 1, 2004. https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v9-1-79.pdf
  81. Srikanth Lavu RV, Prasad MN, Pratti VL, Meißner R, Rinklebe J, Van De Wiele T, Tack F, Du Laing G. Trace metals accumulation in Bacopa monnieri and their bioaccessibility. Planta Med. 2013 Aug;79(12):1081-3. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1328713
  82. Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa Monniera Linn. (Brahmi) Indian J Pharmacol. 1997;29:359–365.
  83. Martis G, Rao A. Neuropharmacological activity of Herpestis monniera. Fitoterapia 1992;63:399-404.
  84. Joshua Allan J, Damodaran A, Deshmukh NS, Goudar KS, Amit A. Safety evaluation of a standardized phytochemical composition extracted from Bacopa monnieri in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007 Oct;45(10):1928-37. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.010
  85. Singh A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception. 2009;79:71–79.
  86. Rauf K, Subhan F, Abbas M, ul Haq I, Ali G, Ayaz M. Effect of acute and sub chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. AJPP. 2012;6:2767–2774.
  87. Sumathi T, Nayeem M, Balakrishna K, et al. Alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera reduces the in vitro effects of morphine withdrawal in guinea-pig ileum. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;82:75-81.
  88. Vohora D, Pal SN, Pillai KK. Protection from phenytoin-induced cognitive deficit by Bacopa monniera, a reputed Indian nootropic plant. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:383-390.
  89. Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81:281-285.
Health Jade Team

The author Health Jade Team

you might also like

Health Jade